Olli Salmi 28.9.2014 (13.8.2013)
Dumézil's classes
These classes are based on transitivity and the valency of verbs.
Dumézil’s examples seem also to correlate with the inflection of the verb.
| Root alone | Prev + Root | |||
| Monovalent Intrans | A | []кІуэн ([ма]кІуэ) ‘go’ | E | []къэнэн ([]къонэ) ‘remain, stay’ |
| Bivalent Intrans | B | [][е]уэн ([][й]оуэ) ‘beat, hit’ | F | [][]техуэн ([][]тохуэ) ‘hit (a target)’ |
| Bivalent Trans | C | [][]лъагъун ([][е]лъагъу) ‘see’ | G | []пы[]упщІын ([]п[е]упщІ) ‘cut off’ |
| Trivalent Trans | D | [][][е]тын ([][и][ре]т) ‘give sb sth’ | H | [][]те[]хын ([][]т[ре]х) ‘take sth away from sb’ |
Personal prefixes
| Intrans Trans |
S O |
IO IO |
- S |
| 1sg | сы | с(э) | с |
| 2sg | у | у(э) | у |
| 1pl | ды | д(э) | д |
| 2pl | фы | ф(э) | ф |
The vowel of a personal prefix is deleted before another vowel.
The IO associated with preverbs (oblique object) has no vowel. Third
person IO:Ø or IO:Ø/я. Distribution unclear.
[сы][п]хуошащ
2sg у in the second and third
column becomes б before a
consonant, optionally also before о
in the present tense.
Voiceless personal prefixes become voiced between vowels and before a
voiced consonant.
Voiced personal prefixes (including 2sg б)
become voiceless before a voiceless consonant and ejective before an
ejective consonant.
Third person prefixes
| A | S:мэ~ма///Ø | E | S:Ø |
| B | S:Ø IO:й//е | F | S:Ø IO:Ø/я |
| C | O:Ø S:е/я//и/я | G | O:Ø S:е/я//и/я |
| D | O:Ø IO:и/я//е/я S:(р)е/(р)а//(р)и/(р)а | H | O:Ø/я IO:Ø S:S:(р)е/(р)а//(р)и/(р)а |
/ separates sg and pl
// separates present from other tenses
ма in a stressed penultimate
syllable
1st and 2nd person third column prefixes
| A | S:мэ–>Cо//Ø–>Cы | E | S:Ø–>Cо//Ø–>Cы |
| B | S:й–>C//Ø–>C | F | S:Ø–>Cо//Ø–>Cы |
| C | S:е–>Cо//C | G | S:е–>ыCо//VC |
| D | S:ре–>иCо//VC | H | S:ре–>ыCо//VC |
C represents the consonant of the personal prefix (for instance с-
in 1sg)
V is the vowel of the infinitive before the place of the subject, which is
deleted in the present tense.
Ø– is the empty slot at the beginning of the verb (infinitive)
Examples
With the above rules it should be possible to derive the following
verbal forms from the dictionary entry. The examples are from Robert
Dunwell’s postings.
http://lingvoforum.net/index.php?topic=8655.0
A
фын (мэф) = гнить, ралагаться
Наст. вр.: соф, уоф, мэф, доф, фоф, мэф(хэ)
Прош. вр.: сыфащ, уфащ, фащ, дыфащ, фыфащ, фа(хэ)щ
B
Ефэн (йофэ)
Наст. вр.: софэ, уофэ, йофэ, дофэ, фофэ,
йофэ(хэ);
Прощ. вр.: сефащ, уефащ, ефащ, дефащ,
фефащ, ефа(хэ)щ
3sg й-is deleted after a consonant.
The IO prefix has a vowel in the present tense: IO:Cэ//C
C
ЩIын (ещI) = делать
Наст. вр.: сощI, бощI, ещI, дощI, фощI, ящI
Прощ. вр.: сщIащ, пщIащ, ищIащ, тщащI,
фщIащ, ящIащ
Causatives from intransitive verbs belong to this group.
Verb with object prefix:
Вести кого-то: настоящее время
| Шэн | Я | Ты | Он | Мы | Вы | Они |
| Я | -- | Узошэ | Сошэ | -- | Фызошэ | Сошэхэ |
| Ты | Сыбошэ | -- | Бошэ | Дыбошэ | -- | Бошэхэ |
| Он | Сешэ | Уешэ | Ешэ | Дешэ | Фешэ | Ешэхэ |
| Мы | -- | Удошэ | Дошэ | -- | Фыдошэ | Дошэхэ |
| Вы | Сывошэ | -- | Фошэ | Дывошэ | -- | Фошэхэ |
| Они | Сашэ | Уашэ | Яшэ | Дашэ | Фашэ | Яшэхэ |
Вести кого-то: прошедшее время
| Шэн | Я | Ты | Он | Мы | Вы | Они |
| Я | -- | Усшащ | Сшащ | -- | Фысшащ | Сшахэщ |
| Ты | Сыпшащ | -- | Пшащ | Дыпшащ | -- | Пшахэщ |
| Он | Сишащ | Уишащ | Ишащ | Дишащ | Фишащ | Ишахэщ |
| Мы | -- | Утшащ | Тшащ | -- | Фытшащ | Тшахэщ |
| Вы | Сыфшащ | -- | Фшащ | Дыфшащ | -- | Фшахэщ |
| Они | Сашащ | Уашащ | Яшащ | Дашащ | Фашащ | Яшахэщ |
D
етын (ирет)
Наст. вр. изот, ибот, ирет, идот, ивот, ират
Прош. вр. естащ, ептащ, иритащ, еттащ, ефтащ, иратащ
3rd person IO:и is Ø after a non-empty object (i.e. 1st or 2nd person).
IO:я becomes ай after a non-empty object (i.e. 1st or 2nd person).
It seems that the third person prefixes are IO:и/я//е/я S://и/я. IO:и is
deleted before a vowel, with the normal inserted р.
[с]ху[][ри]гъэ-шащ ‘He made him/them take him/them for me.’
Causatives from transitive verbs belong to this class. They show
complications. First, the 2nd person pronominal prefixes have a full vowel
before a consonant (уэ/фэ). Examples:
егъэтхын (ирегъэтх)
[][уэ][з]гъэтхащ
[][у][и]гъэтхащ
[][у][а]гъэтхащ
Inserting хуэ- (ху-) causes a further complication. In S:3pl. е is used for я, so there is no difference between singular and plural.
Furthermore, хуэ+уэ>хуо and хуэ+вэ>хувэ. хуэ is retained before 1 person S, which have a vowel, хуэзы, хуэды.
е＋и>ри, е+я>ра
E
къэнэн (къонэ) ‘remain, stay’
This verb takes a noun in the ergative to express the place where one
stays. However, since place can only be third person, no objet prefix
occurs. Perhaps this is why Dumézil regards this verb as monovalent.
къихьэн (къохьэ) = появиться, выйти (на сцену, в круг, в поле)
Наст. вр.: сыкъохьэ, укъохьэ, къохьэ, дыкъохьэ, фыкъохьэ,
къохьэ(хэ)
Прош. вр.: сыкъихьащ, укъихьащ, къихьащ, дыкъихьащ,
фыкъихьащ, къихьа(хэ)щ
Stative verbs take the prefixes of this class. They have no о and the present tense ends in -щ.
F
Same as E but with an indirect object slot, which is after the directional
(orientation) preverb. The IO has no vowel.
[][]техуэн ([][]тохуэ) ‘hit (a target)’
[сы]къы[п]тохуэ
[]къы[п]тохуэхэ ‘ils tombent sur toi’
[с][а]тохуэ ‘je tombe sur eux’ Third person IO:/я.
[][я]тохуэ ‘il tombe sur eux’ Third person IO:/я.